SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS 3





CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1-1. Purpose and Scope. This manual presents guidelines for calculation of

vertical displacements and settlement of soil under shallow foundations (mats

and footings) supporting various types of structures and under embankments.

a. Causes of Soil Displacements. Soil is a nonhomogeneous porous material

consisting of three phases: solids, fluid (normally water), and air.

Soil deformation may occur by change in stress, water content, soil mass, or

temperature. Vertical displacements and settlement caused by change in stress

and water content are described in this manual. Limitations of these movements

required for different structures are described in Chapter 2.

(1) Elastic deformation. Elastic or immediate deformation caused by

static loads is usually small, and it occurs essentially at the same time

these loads are applied to the soil. Guidance for tests and analyses to estimate

immediate settlements of foundations, embankments, pavements, and other

structures on cohesionless and cohesive soils for static loading conditions is

given in Sections I and II of Chapter 3.


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