Surface and Underground Excavations - Methods, Techniques and Equipment




Introduction

“Development and Clean Environment are the two sides of the same coin.”



1.1 EXCAVATIONS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION

The meaning of word ‘excavate’ is to dislodge the rock massif from its original place

(in-situ). This involves two operations: digging the ground and its disposal. This can

be carried out to any formation that exists within the earth crust. This operation can

create openings or excavations of different sizes, shapes and configurations at the

desired location. The location could be a hilly terrain, plain ground, desert, cropland,

forests or any other terrain than these. It could be within an urban land or at the countryside

and even sometimes within water-bodies or in the ground saturated with water. It

could commence at, above or below the ground level or datum and extend in any

direction: horizontal, inclined, vertically up or down.


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