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Biomedical optical imaging

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  • Saadedin
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    • Sep 2018 
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    Biomedical optical imaging







    Preface

    Biomedical optics is a rapidly emerging field that relies on advanced technologies, which

    give it high performance, and has important research, bio-industrial, and medical applications.

    This book provides an overview of biomedical optical imaging with contributions

    from leading international research groups who have pioneered many of its most important

    methods and applications.

    Optical imaging—performed with the powerful human eye–brain combination—was

    probably the first method ever used for scientific investigation. In modern research, optical

    imaging is unique in its ability to span the realms of biology from microscopic to macroscopic,

    providing both structural and functional information and insights, with uses ranging

    from fundamental to clinical applications.

    Microscopy is an icon of the sciences because of its history, versatility, and universality.

    Modern optical techniques such as confocal and multiphoton microscopy provide

    subcellular- resolution imaging in biological systems. The melding of this capability with

    exogenous chromophores can selectively enhance contrast for molecular targets as well

    as provide functional information on dynamic processes, such as nerve transduction. New

    methods integrate microscopy with other state-of-the-art technologies: nanoscopy, hyperspectral

    imaging, nonlinear excitation microscopy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy,

    and optical coherence tomography can provide dynamic, molecular-scale, and threedimensional

    visualization of important features and events in biological systems. Moving

    to the macroscopic scale, spectroscopic assessment and imaging methods based on properties

    of light and its interaction with matter, such as fluorescence, reflectance, scattering,

    polarization, and coherence can provide diagnostics of tissue pathology, including neoplastic

    changes. Techniques that use long-wavelength photon migration allow noninvasive

    exploration of processes that occur deep inside biological tissues and organs.



    This book reviews the major thrust areas mentioned above, and will thus be suitable

    both as a reference book for beginning researchers in the field, whether they are in the

    realm of technology development or applications, and as a textbook for graduate courses

    on biomedical optical imaging. The field of biomedical imaging is very broad, and many

    excellent research groups are active in this area. Because this book is intended for a broader

    audience than the optics community, its contents focus mainly on reviewing technologies

    that are currently used in research, industry, or medicine, rather than those that are being

    developed.

    The chapters begin with an introductory review of basic concepts to establish a foundation

    and to make the material more accessible to readers with backgrounds outside this field.

    The book’s first section covers confocal, multiphoton, and spectral microscopy. Aside from

    classic light microscopy, these are the most widely used high-resolution biomedical imaging

    technologies to date. They have a significant base of commercially available instruments

    and are used in a wide range of application fields such as cellular and molecular biology,

    neurobiology, developmental biology, microbiology, pathology, and so forth. Confocal

    microscopy enables the imaging of both structure and function on a cellular level. The

    theoretical basis for optical imaging using confocal microscopy is well established and

    relies primarily upon classic optics. Multiphoton microscopy relies on nonlinear absorption

    of light, and provides deeper imaging than possible with confocal microscopy. By using

    near-infrared excitation, it reduces cell injury, enabling improved imaging of living cells



    and tissues. Spectral microscopy allows a quantitative analysis of cells and tissues based

    on their topologically resolved spectral signatures, yielding classification abilities, similar

    to those in satellite reconnaissance applications, to improve detection and diagnosis of

    abnormalities.





    The use of exogenous fluorescent markers enables highly specific imaging functional

    processes and has been used broadly, especially in cell biology and neurobiology. Because

    fluorophores are a major adjunct to confocal, multiphoton, and spectral microscopy, they are

    covered next in the book, with chapters focusing on new probes and their use in monitoring

    messenger RNA and electrical events in cells.











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