Biosolids Engineering - Michael McFarland







Introduction

In 1948, the U.S. Congress enacted the original Federal Water Pollu-

tion Control Act (FWPCA). Since its passage, the FWPCA has been

amended many times. Two of the most important amendments were

(1) the 1972 FWPCA Amendments and (2) the 1977 Clean Water Act

Amendments [10]. These amendments define the basic national framework

for water quality and water pollution control in the United

States. Today, the comprehensive federal law is simply referred to as

the U.S. Clean Water Act (CWA).





The primary objective of the CWA is to restore and maintain the

chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters. To

prevent contamination and deterioration of water quality, wastewater

from industrial, commercial, and residential activities is treated at

wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) before it is discharged to surface

water or groundwater (Fig. 1.1).



At present, there are more than 15,000 municipal wastewater treatment

plants or publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) in the

United States that process over 34 billion gallons of domestic sewage

and other wastewater each day [21]. Sewage sludge represents the

largest source of residual solids generated during the treatment of

municipal wastewater by POTWs as well as by privately and federally







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