ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HAMMER HEAD BRIDGE PIER USING STRUT AND TIE METHOD





2.1 INTRODUCTION



The strut and tie models have been widely used as effective tools for designing reinforced concrete structures. The idea of a Strut-and-Tie Model came from the truss analogy method introduced independently by Ritter [1] and Morsch [2] in the early 1900s for shear design. This method employs so called Truss Models as its design basis. The model was used to idealised the flow of forced in a cracked concrete beam. In parallel with the increasing availibility of the experimental results and the developement of limit analysis in the plastcity theory, the truss analogy method has been validated and improved considerably in the form of full member or sectional design procedures. The Truss Model has also been used as the design basis for torsion.





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